United States History 17A
Study Guide 12
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Study Guide 12
Nation of Nations
Chapter Sixteen
Total War and the Republic
Answer the following questions:
1. The first battle of the Civil War took place
on
July 21,
1861. There were ___ soldiers from both sides engaged in it. It was
called
___ . Who won?
2. Before the Civil War, what were the 3 common
characteristics
of warfare as it had evolved in Europe?
3. The Civil War, on the other hand, was the
first
war whose
major battles ____. So many combatatants could be equipped only through
___ . They could be moved and supplied only with ___ . They could be
sustained
ony through ___. Simply put, the Civil War was the first ___ in history?
I. The Demands of Total War
4. At the beginning of the war, which side, north
or
south,
had the advantage in each of the following resources: population, value
of manufactured goods, railroad mileage, and value of firearms produced?
5. What did the north need to do to win the war?
6. What two things did the south need to do to be
victorious?
7. Who is being described in the following
quotation:
'He
cannot brook opposition or criticism, and those who do not bow down
before
him have no chance of success with him'?
8. Who had more political and military experience
before
the Civil War, Jefferson Davis or Abraham Lincoln?
9. Lincoln's immediate challenge in the war was
to
retain
the loyalty of which three border states -- states which were still in
the Union, but in which slavery was legal? The loss of which state
meant
that Washington itself would have to be abandoned? (Note: West Virginia
broke away from Virginia and became a state, but not until1863)
10. In what 3 ways did Lincoln move ruthlessly to
secure
the state which protected the northern capitol? What is the writ of
habeas
corpus?
11. For what 4 reasons was it so important for
Lincoln to
keep the border states in the Union?
II. Opening Moves
12.Who did Lincoln appoint as his commanding
general
of the
Union army (called the Army of the Potomac) in the eastern theater
after
the first Confederate victory?
13. How long was the Confederate coastline? How
many
ships
did the Union have with which to blockade it at the beginning of the
war?
14. Why did the south believe that Britain or the
rest of
Europe would recognize the Confederacy and come to its aid? What
economic
change kept this from happening?
15. Who said, 'The art of war is simple. Find out
where your
enemy is, get at him as soon as you can and strike him as hard as you
can,
and keep moving on.'
16. With what 2 victories in February, 1862, did
Grant force
the Confederates to withdraw from Kentucky and middle Tennessee?
17. Although Grant eventually won the battle at
Shiloh in
west Tennessee in April, 1862, this battle inflicted more than ___
casualties.
18. Who said, 'At Shiloh I gave up all idea of
saving the Union except by
complete
conquest'?
19. What territory in the west was under Union
control by
the end of 1862?
In the spring of 1862, after Grant had
won
a signicant amount of territory in the west, McClellan finally began an
assault on the Confederate Capitol at Richmond, Virginia. He landed his
130,000 troops near Yorktown on the York/James Peninsua, (named for the
two rivers that bordered it), in April and pushed slowly up toward
Richmond.
He moved so slowly that some of his men referred to him as the
'Virginia
Creeper'. From early May to the first of July, the Army of the Potomac
engaged the southern Army of Northern Virginia, led at first by General
Joseph Johnston, but after the first of June by Robert E. Lee.
20. Who is being referred to in the following
quotation:
'He will take more chances,and take them quicker than any other general
in this country'.
Between June 25 - July 1,
1862, McClellan
won six of seven battles near Richmond, known as the Battle of the
Seven
Days, but then retreated. Exasperated, Lincoln removed McClellan and
replaced
him with General John Pope. When Lee defeated Pope at the second Battle
of Bull Run on August 29, 1862, Lincoln fired Pope and restored
McClellan
to command. At that point, Lee became so emboldened by hopes of
complete
victory over the Union army that he asked and received permission from
Jefferson Davis to invade the north.
21. For what reason was Lee able to convince
Jefferson
Davis to allow him to invade the north after his victory at the Second
Battle of Bull Run?
22. Where was Lee soon defeated? When? Why is it
called the
bloodiest single day of fighting in American history?
Even though McClellan had won a
significant
victory by repulsing Lee's advances into the north at Antietam, the
Union
general failed to follow up this victory and let Lee's army escape back
into Virginia. His patience with McClellan finally exhausted, Lincoln
removed
him for the second and final time. His replacement was General Ambrose
Burnside. In December, 1862, at Fredericksburg, a small town about half
way between Washington and Richmond, Burnside directed his Union army
to
attack Lee's highly fortified position on Marye's Heights just west of
the town. After repeated assaults on this location across half a mile
of
open ground, Burnside finally called off the attack. He had lost 13,000
men in this futile and senseless battle. Lincoln promptly fired him.
The
next Union General became Joe Hooker, whose name is now forever
associated
with the women who followed his army.
By the end of 1862, Grant's
successes in
the
west had been more than overshadowed by the utter failure of Lincoln's
generals in the east to sustain any kind of decisive victory over
Lee's
smaller Army of Northern Virginia.
III. Emancipation
23. For what 3 reasons did Lincoln hesitate to
free
the slaves
at the beginning of the war? Who pressured him to do it? What was
Lincoln's paramount objective in the war?
24. For what 3 reasons did Lincoln finally
decide, in
late
1862, to issue his Emancipation Proclamation?
25. Who is the man seated in the picture at the
top
of this Study Guide page?
26. What slaves were freed in the Emancipation
Proclamation?
How could southern states save their slaves?
27. Where and how many slaves were excluded from
emancipation?
In all, how many of the nations's 4 million slaves were not covered by
the Emancipation Proclamation? What percentage is this?
28. How many (and what percent) of the total
slave
population
escaped to Union lines during the war? How were they treated by Union
soldiers?
What happened to them?
29. What percent of the Union's total military
manpower were
African Americans?
IV. The Confederate Home Front
30. How was cotton production affected during the
war?
31. Who accounted for the majority of workers in
the
south's
munitions factories ?
32. Above all, how did the Confederacy finance
the
war effort?
What resulted? How much was a Confederate dollar worth in gold in 1865?
How much did flour cost in the Richmond by the end of the war?
33. As conditions worsened, who was drafted into
the
Confederate
army?
34. In what 2 ways could one be exempted from the
Confederate
draft? What were the arguments for and against this second
exemption?
V. The Union Home Front
35. In what 2 ways could one be exempted from the
draft in
the north? How many men were actually drafted into the Union army out
of
the more than 2 milliion who served? What percent is this?
36. What happened in New York in July, 1863, when
the
first
draftees names were drawn? Who finally was rushed in?
VI. Gone to be a Soldier
37. What percent of soldiers were under 21 years
of
age?
Who accounted for the 2 largest groups of soldiers? How many more
soldiers
died from dysentey, typhoid and other disease than from wounds?
38. How were officers in the Confederate army
chosen
through
the rank of Colonel? To what did this contribute?
39. Under Civil War battle conditions, which was
the
stronger
position, offense or defense?
40. Why were the minie ball and the percussion
cap
important?
What was the range of a Civil War rifle compared to an older musket?
VII. The Union Triumph
At the battle of Chancellorsville in
Virginia
in May of 1863, Lee continued his humiliation of Union forces, this
time
defeating the army led by Lincoln's most recent appointee, General
'Fighing
Joe' Hooker. As he had done before after seemingly implausible Union
defeats,
Lincoln relieved Hooker of command and replaced him with General George
Meade.
Lee, once again flushed by his
success,
decided
to take his army into the north a second time to try, perhaps, to take
Washington, D.C. Searching for a factory that he believed would supply
his troops with badly needed shoes, Lee brought his 75,000 man army in
late June, 1863, to the outskirts of the sleepy little town (2,500
population)
of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Here, by chance, he encountered Meade's
slightly
larger force of 85,000. It was in and around this town that the two
armies
now engaged in the largest battle ever fought in north America. The
Battle
of Gettysburg consumed three entire days of fighting and resulted in
over
51,000 total casualties.
41. On the third day of the battle, July 3, 1863,
Lee
made
the greatest mistake of his career? What was it? What were the
total casualty figures at the battle of Gettysburg? In the west,
where
did Grant win a major victory on the following day?What was the result?
How was grant rewarded in March of 1864?
42. Starting with McDowell, (who led the Union
forces
at
the first Battle of Bull Run), and counting McClellan twice, how many
Generals
had Lincoln put in command of the Union forces in the eastern theater
through
the Battle of Gettysburg?
43. Recognizing that his army was too weak to win
another
head on battle, what strategy did Lee adopt after the battle of
Gettysburg?
What did he hope to gain by it?
44. As the election of 1864 approached, why was
Lincoln in
trouble? What was, perhaps, the most remarkable thing about this
election?
Who were the two candidates? How did General Sherman help win the
election
of 1864 for Lincoln?
45. What did the 13th Amendment to the
Constitution
do? Why did Lincoln believe the Emancipation Proclamation was
insufficient?
46. In March of 1865, what did Jefferson Davis
offer
in exchange
for British diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy? What happened?
47. What did Sherman do after the fall of
Atlanta?
What were
his 2 intentions? How much damage did his army do in wanton destruction?
48. Where and when did Lee surrender to Grant?
How
soon after
that was Lincoln assassinated?
VIII. The Impact of War
49. How many people died in the Civil War?
Please go to the site, Hardtack
and Coffee, read the selection there and then answer the following
question:
50. Identify: 'hardtack' and 'skirmishing'.
Assignments
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Revised May
4, 2008
by Tom Gallup, e-mail address: tom_gallup@westvalley.edu
West Valley College
http://www.westvalley.edu/wvc/ss/gallup/gallup.html